Living Story Essay

The development of Georgetown has attracted many tourists flocking here to scan the place. However, the increased new openings of shop lots have given the town a new lease of life in addition to its tonnes of heritage buildings. By chance Wu Han Ren, Ru Zhi Xing and Lee Wu Xin talked about the town and what was missing from it. That brought 14 Living Story back to life, to showcase the day-to-day living of Old Georgetown. Since Ru and Lee have been working in Shanghai, China, they have to travel to various places regularly and have visited the fabled Xin Tian Di, a place that holds the historical and cultural legacies of the Chinese metropolis. The enclave also gave the duo an idea that Penang could actually become some place like that. â€Å"Along the road in many tourist attractions in other countries, we would see stalls selling local delicacies and souvenirs which make the place all the more vibrant. â€Å"However, tourists visiting Penang will only be greeted by rows of listless shophouses, warehouses and empty residences, many of which are uninhabited and locked. † Living museum It was August 2009 when Wu, Ru and Lee decided to set up a living museum in town. They had looked at many different locations and finally decided on the shophouse beside Seh Tek Tong Cheah Kongsi on Armenian Street. â€Å"The tenancy contract of the house was about to expire when we contacted the owner. We picked the house because it exuded the feelings of an old building. â€Å"It has been found that the house could have been built in the 1850s and is at least 150 years old today! † Wu said the house was formerly used to accommodate foreign workers. Despite its location in the heart of Old Georgetown, the house has never been put to proper use. Since the original house was quite shabby, they requested the owner to do some renovation and they later tore down the room partitions to make the old house more spacious. Day-to-day living The living museum is divided into three parts where the front part of ground floor is used for the sale of souvenirs, day-to-day items and handcrafts. The rear part of the house has been specifically designed for the display of artistic exhibits. Since old houses in Penang were designed largely in Chinese style and in particular Shanghainese style, many Shanghainese memorabilia could still be found in these houses. Wu hopes to recreate the first floor of the house into a museum showcasing the day-to-day living of Old Penang by next year so that tourists could get a better understanding of life in Old Penang. In order to promote reuse and recycling, all the furniture inside the house have either been donated by people or picked up by them. Wu admitted that local tourists are not too keen to buy the souvenirs and handicrafts as they are more interested in the furnishings and designs of the building. On the contrary, foreigners are more avid in buying the souvenirs. â€Å"I hope more people will harness the advantages of Georgetown to open more unique shops to promote the local cultural heritage at the same time luring more tourists here. † Shop Briefly Menu Penang Buses Ticket 70’s~80’s, exhibit in 14 Living Story Taishogoto (Japan) /Bulbul Tarang (India) The taishogoto or Nagoya harp, is a Japanese stringed musical instrument. The name derives from the Taisho period (1912–1926) when the instrument first appeared. It has also become naturalized in East Africa, often under the name Taishokoto. The taishogoto consists of a long, hollow box with strings running its length. Above the strings are a span of numbered typewriter-like keys, which when depressed fret or shorten the strings to raise their pitch. It is played lengthwise and strummed. There are also electrified versions of the instrument. The taishogoto bears a close resemblance to the Bulbul Tarang from India, and the Akkordolia from Germany, all sharing the same principle of using keys to press down on strings to change their pitch. Handmade Passport Cover Handmade Curtain (only 6 pieces) Handmade Table Mat Penang Marriage Certificate from 1940 Penang Lottery Tickets 70’s~80’s

IKEA’s Marketing Strategy Essay

One thing that makes IKEA becoming the best known global furniture retailer in the world is its marketing strategy. IKEA is a strong ban and many people across the globe think of IKEA when they thought about furniture. The key success of marketing strategy is IKEA’s standardization. IKEA stores around the world look alike and they all contain core value of organization’s culture. It looks and operates the same in every market markets. However, IKEA stores have to adapt to local markets. First standard is the most important standard. IKEA has had as a guiding principle to work in the same way and be seen in the same way in every country it operates. IKEA strategy is to keep the price low and attractive for as many people as possible. This marketing strategy is called merchandise; the product range and the prices of the products. The price should be the same in every market. Prices on products are supposed to be considered low compare to what consumers find in another store. IKEA aims deliver high value at low price. Location of the store usually locates at the outskirt of the city. The reason is that the consumer who buy furniture usually use personal car as a transportation (consumers using public transportation are rarely seen). The designs of stores are supposed to look basically the same in important dimensions: signage, display, store layout and design, and colors. They should contain Swedish identity such as the color of Swedish flag; blue and yellow. The purpose is to give the same shopping experience regardless of where the store is located. Still different stores adjust the room-settings they use to fit the local housing and living conditions, rather than an original setting. For example; room adjustment in IKEA Japan would be small and its furniture will considered for limited space, unlike IKEA store in Europe where housing has more space. It also adapts its design to impress local market as well. Service levels are similar around the world with staffing about the same everywhere. The number of employee in each level should be the same everywhere in the world. IKEA presents unique strategy. IKEA concept is to have the low prices you as a consumer pays a price which if consumer wants to pay lowest price; consumer has to pick things up in the  store, carries to your car, takes home and assembles yourself. Nevertheless, IKEA also offers delivery service.1 Another important strategy is public relation. The best known channel is the IKEA Catalog, which is developed by IKEA Communications in Älmhult, Sweden. It is produced in 38 different editions, in 17 languages for 28 countries. All this adjustment is made from a standardized base (same products, same overall info etc) meaning that country/region adjustments are really fairly small. Other important channels are IKEA websites, publications, and brochures.2 IKEA has adapted its product and design to fit in many market. Nevertheless the key success of IKEA is its standard and core value. This makes people reco gnize IKEA. Even though many new competitors try to copy IKEA or compete with it. IKEA manges to maintain its competitive difference and advantage. Its brand still strong in house retailer business.

Do you think that religion is as important today as it was in the past?

Religion involves the relationship between mankind and what is regarded as sacred. Religion almost always includes the belief in the supernatural and a code of ethical behavior. Why do men suffer? What is the nature of the Universe and How it is governed? What is the nature of man and what is his destiny? Religion tries to answer the questions of ultimate existence and of life and death and human and destiny. Many religions hold the universe is governed by God. â€Å"Through religion man may see meaning in the universe and find a personal role in it† (Berger 50).Thousands of years ago, religion played a very vital role in the lives of the people. Even though that time, things were not that complicated. People still has a closer connection to God. People then put a greater emphasis on going to church, fellowshipping with their brother’s and sister’s in the Lord and in maintaining their relationship with their creator.As of now, in our present times I think that Re ligion is ten times important than it was before. As the modern world is evolving and is now being introduced to different kinds of beliefs and theories that could likely shake our foundation of faith for God. The basis and the only foundation of our faith is Jesus Christ. We must hold on to him more especially these days that there are many deceivers out there that are being used by the enemy to destroy us and to keep us away from the loving arms of God. When we don’t have a strong foundation of our relationship to God, we can easily yield to the temptations and offerings that Satan will present to us, like the technology of today. If we don’t know how to control the usage of technology of today, we can be manipulated and controlled by it. That is just one of the tactics of Satan to let us fall into the pit he is preparing for us, for us to be kept away from God’s destiny for us.Today, there are many existing religions. There are the Protestants, Orthodox and t he Roman Catholics. Like in the past, there was a Counter Reformation that happened. Which was also described as â€Å"the Catholic Reformation and in this period of the Reformations, it included a series of wars that ended in 1648† (Berger 53).The Reformation seemed primarily a religious upheaval; it was also a complex social and political movement. A revolt against the religion and the way of life. It was a part of the transition from medieval to modern times. The revolt accompanied a change in the political, economic, intellectual, and ecclesiastical traditions of the medieval age of faith. The results touched every aspect of human life.The Counter Reformation was a struggle against Protestantism; it was a movement for the spiritual and moral reform within the Catholic Church. â€Å"The wars that accompanied the Reformation were basically political, but they were closely bound up with the religious issues† (Berger 53). That time, there was a great competition betwee n the Protestants and the Catholics. The struggle dragged on because the stronger could not conquer and the weaker would not compromise.It was said that â€Å"the Western Church was split between Catholics and Protestants. By the latter part, the dividing lines had hardened, during the following centuries they changed very little. The protestant split into several groups, and later they subdivided again and again† (Berger 54).The Reformation was a historical event of great significance. It became a part of a larger movement that led to the development of independent nations and modern democracy.In this present time, Reformation still exists in such a way that there are still many existing religions now. There are still issues regarding Catholicism and its doctrines. There are still political movements that are being influenced by the religious sects. There still existing competitions between religions now, in which they compete if what religion will really help people reach h eaven, let their prayers be heard by God and be with their Creator.There are still a number of religious issues being tackled by now. The issues that keeps affecting the different aspects of human life. Different religions keep on competing for them to invite individuals to come and join with them. Sometimes because of these, the essence of having a religion is lost. The real perspective of establishing a deeper relationship with God is lost because of the overwhelming issues that could bother the spiritual and emotional aspect of a person.â€Å"The real role of having a religion is to develop a deeper and serious relationship with our Almighty Creator† (Berger 54). God does not base our salvation on what religious denomination we join to. He looks at the position of our hearts and of we really love Him and long to be with Him sincerely. He does not base his judgment on the things we do and achieve. It is our hearts that He looks up to.  Whatever we have, whatever we do and whatever group we are simply does not matter to God at all. He just wants us to love Him above all, above all the things that this world offers to us, and also for us to not yield to the wiles of the enemy. We should guard the health of our body, soul and Spirit. For we human are described as â€Å"fragile and weak† (Berger 67). We should be clean spiritually so as not to hurt God and for us to be a blessing to other individuals in this world, that wherever we are and whatever we do; we do all those things for the glorification of His name.Reference: Berger, Gilda. Religion .Watts, 1983.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 'The role of Management Essay

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 'The role of Management Accountants at Tesco Plc' - Essay Example Accordingly, the study findings revealed that management accountants are imperative as decision makers to modern organizations and play a crucial role to ensure adequate organizational sustainability in the long run. In the present state, management accountants form an important facet of any organization. When concerning at the business environment currently persistent in the global platform, management accountants play an important role of providing useful information to the decision makers of the organisation, and thereby, facilitate alignment in the financial planning and its overall business goals (Accenture, 2011). Globalization has also been a major reason for the changing role of management accountants in the present organizational context. Nowadays, management accountants have also been bestowed with the responsibilities for analysing, preparing, interpreting the financial data as well as delivering information about the current strategic position of the organization. Every business planning and decision taken within an organisation is today related with financial matters, wherein financial stability is perceived as a key requirement towards ensuring long-run sustainability of the entity (CIMA, 2009). Evidently enough, the role played by management accountants has become more complex as compared to their initial functions within the organisational management domain. This particular factor can be better understood with the help of practical illustrations, taking example of an organisation. With this particular motif, the study has considered Tesco Plc as the organisation, and hence, reference will be drawn to identify the role of management accountants in the current phenomenon. Management accountants are often considered as the oxygen of financial department and the overall organisation. It is in this context that with the changes observed in the organizational working patterns, the role

Executive Summary Memo for Market Analysis of Parkinson's Disease Research Paper

Executive Summary Memo for Market Analysis of Parkinson's Disease - Research Paper Example The exact cause of such effects is not known, although aggressive research in this area is underway. Irrespective of the cause, a patient with full-blown Parkinson’s disease will have four cardinal symptoms, tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and difficulties with balance. Such patients due to difficulty in movement control are virtually rendered nonfunctional, and the quality of their life is severely affected (1). From the market point of view, thus there is huge untapped potential in the Parkinsons disease therapy market. The exact cause of the disease is not known, but a considerable number of individuals suffer from this problem. The medical therapy assumes a central role in the management plan, and therefore a variety of medications are available for symptomatic treatment. Despite new research to discover newer drugs, there is no medication as yet which has shown promise in arresting the pathological process of the Parkinsons disease. Therefore, this existing gap can create opportunities newer modalities of therapies, therapeutic agents, or curative agents (1). The Worldwide market of Parkinson’s disease is huge, since it is a common neurological disease with a disease burden of 4.1m affected individual. It is expected that its prevalence will rise in the coming years with increased clinical interventions in different forms. Current treatments or therapeutic choices are unsatisfactory making the unmet needs of this market a huge one, creating significant market opportunity. Although the market is global, in developed world, almost all counties constitute the major markets of such drugs. These countries are USA, Japan, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the UK. Compared to last evaluation of 2006 the market has been predicted to grow beyond $4.6bn from its base of $2.2bn, which interestingly was 11% larger than its base of 2005. The market is expected to increase in an exponential rate due to the fact that

Family Medical Leave Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Medical Leave Act - Essay Example It is important to notice that any federal employee or officer, who has been covered under subchapter V of chapter 63 under title 5, would not be eligible for this leave. Moreover if the employee has been working at such a worksite where the total number of employees is less than 50 then also that employee would not be eligible for family and medical leave. There are certain conditions due to which any eligible employees would be entitled to leave. An eligible employee would be entitled to leave in case of birth of son or daughter or in case of taking care of the same. If spouse, parent, son or daughter of an employee is having serious health condition then the employee would be entitled to leave in order to take care of them. If the employee himself/herself is seriously ill and as a result he/she could not perform properly then also he/she would be entitled to such leave. One of the main purposes of FMLA is to create the balance between the need of the families and demand of the workplace. Other important purposes include promoting economic stability and security of families, promoting the importance of family integrity which is a national interest. One of the most important purposes of FMLA is to entitle employees for taking reasonable leave so that they can care their son or daughter, spouse or parent who are having serious health condition. Employees would be entitled to this leave for their own health condition also (United States Department of Labor, n.d.). In case of FMLA employers do not need to pay wages during the leave periods. Total duration of this leave could be at the most 12 weeks. Sometimes health insurance premiums of workers’ are paid by the employers. As per FMLA these employers must continue to pay these premiums for their workers during the leave

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations Essay

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations School of Management - Essay Example This is because we have developed as a civilization and have obtained certain rights where respect, equality, motivation, appreciation and the value derived from work become important considerations for the people who work. Workers may need to find more value in their work and even if work is as natural for them as play, they would need to understand where they stand in the organization and what they need to do in order to improve their position within the company. Since companies are dealing with human resources as the most important investment they have, understanding human relations and using human relations to obtain the maximum output from workers makes the human relations school of management more important the scientific school of management. Of course this does not mean that the lessons learnt from the scientific management school can be ignored altogether. In fact, their value remains quite intact but the focus of the management paradigm is closer to managing human resources rather than the manner in which they spend their time on a minute to minute basis. It must be remembered that scientific management comes from the beginning of the industrial age and even then Taylor recognized that managers need to cooperate with and consider the problems faced by the workers (Boddy, 2002). Taylor made it quite clear that without good planning or recognizing the problems of the workers, no management system would be able to increase profitability. The productivity of a company could only be improved if the right person was doing the right job and that the person was being given increasing rewards for good performance. Scientific management certainly was popular at the time Taylor was living to the point that he became the first known management consultant. He helped businesses by increasing their productivity while reducing the number of workers required. His

Understanding Vietnam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Vietnam - Assignment Example Another war broke, and this time other nations also joined the war. Many Vietnamese had taken refuge in other countries when the fight intensified Jamieson. It was late 1950s and early 1960s that the Americans started getting into Vietnam slowly by slowly and by 1970s, they were already too many in Vietnam. The Americans poured money, equipment, and even facilities in Vietnam to aid them in their mission (Westheider 50). As the war continued in late 1968, which is termed as the year of death, the numbers of orphans increased, crippled people were all over, the widowed not to mention the amputees and paraplegics. This became so astonishing, and the Americans, although they had not well understood the values of tradition for the Vietnamese which remained in their hearts, decided to bring a change in the nation. The Vietnams embraced the idea though they were not sure of what plan the Americans exactly had and for the sake of their suffering to end (Westheider 82). This are helicopter wars used by the Americans troops to fight Vietnam whereby troops were moved to any location in the nation, confirming the amount of combat seen by soldiers during an annual tour were far higher than during world war II. During Viet Cong Camp, the helicopters poured machine gun fire as a form of attack. The Americans on seeing how the war had so much impacted on them and also to the Vietnamese, they decided to in turn advocate for an end to the war. The Vietnamese responded quite well to this and in return the Americans introduced education system to the nation and Vietnamese had right to get access to classrooms together with the Americans. They could also catch planes to various destinations of their choice. Through out the whole of Vietnam, everyone shifted to a flexible and less exacting behavioural traditional values (Jamieson 301). The black market boomed again by 1970s in Saigon, and the government moved further in their

Comparison of Thirty Seconds over Tokyo and Pearl Harbor Essay

Comparison of Thirty Seconds over Tokyo and Pearl Harbor - Essay Example While the themes and characters are similar in both movies, the manners of expression within the movies differ in numerous ways. There are also similarities and differences in visual aspects of the movie, aspects of production, camera shots and angles, and mise en scene. Although both of these films contain thematic content that has been the subject of numerous films, the writers, directors, and editors of â€Å"Thirty Seconds over Tokyo† and â€Å"Pearl Harbor† have managed to create films that are unique and were considered great films of their time. The cinematographer interprets and intensifies the elements of mise en scene and the lighting as they see fit to create the imagery according to the instruction of the director. The mise en scà ¨ne includes numerous aspects of the cinematic experience, including the scenery, movement and positioning of the actors, props, the background, the blocking, and the intensity of the lighting. The mise en scene in â€Å"Thirty Seconds over Tokyo† accurately depicts elements of the time with costumes and numerous elements as does â€Å"Pearl Harbor†. However, the mise en scene in â€Å"Thirty Seconds over Tokyo† is a bit more authentic, undoubtedly because the film was made during the 1940s when these elements were easily available and â€Å"Pearl Harbor† was made decades later. Despite these slight differences in the various elements of mise en scene, both films were able to accurately coordinate the various elements of mise en scene to present stunning, moving fi lms. The contrasts between the visual aspects of the movie, aspects of production, camera shots and angles, and mise en scene within both the films have allowed the directors to create stunning remakes of the same material that is both distinctive and original.

The effect of culture on globalization in African countries Essay

The effect of culture on globalization in African countries - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that we are now living in the era of globalization. Our world has become smaller and smaller. What used to be the other side of the world is now just a mouse click away. Communication technology has become so advanced that the borders and barriers that used to impede our contact with each other have now become penetrable. Globalization is affecting many aspects of our lives, from our economy to our politics, and from our social lives to our cultures. In some parts of the world, however, globalization has not been easy to welcome and manage. Some countries have preferred a no-trade economic policy; or have refused to cooperate in international relations, or have refused to accept the effects of globalization into their culture. Globalization in Africa has been a difficult phenomenon to accept. The culture of Africa has not been very receptive to globalization. Culture can make a difference in the success or the failure of government and economic polici es which seek implementation in any organization or country. The people’s culture and traditions can foster acceptance and enhance support for these policies. The paper tells that the culture in different nations has also affected the pace and success of globalization in many African countries. The culture prevalent in China, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of Asia is an important factor which bears impact on the entry of globalization. The current dilemma about culture and globalization is that most nations may share a nationality, but they often do not share a culture.  

Atitudes and perceptions of coaches on disabled people Essay

Atitudes and perceptions of coaches on disabled people - Essay Example iterature Review was conducted using the search engines Infotrac and Science Direct and by reviewing the literature in the libraries of the National Disability Authority (NDA). An internet search was carried out using the search engines, Google Scholar and Ask Jeeves. The paper starts by talking about the difference experiences that people with disability experience, then it goes ahead to touch on their experiences in the world of sports, self esteem issues are also reflected on the literature review and finally the literature review concludes by touching on the social and physical environmental factors that determine how the disabled are treated. The paper ends by analyzing the literature and evaluation of the collected data Study design: the study was a retrogressive form of study that involved looking back at already done research and published material. Systematic approach has been chosen in order to evaluate and critically analyze the attitudes and perceptions of coaches on disabled people. (Mulrow, Cook, & Davidoff, 1997; Murlow, 1994). It was decided due to the opportunity of having many finding together and still being able to evaluate on them. Study procedure: The study was mainly done via desk research, whereby an only the review of literature sources was done. An overview of the methodology is shown below in diagram form. The Literature Review was done using the search engines such as Science Direct and by reviewing the literature in the university library. An internet sources were used whereby search engines, such as Google Ask.com, and Scholar was involved in the search. The key sentence â€Å"Factors Influencing Perception and attitude of coaches towards disabled people† was used in the different search engines to locate the required material. Several criteria had to be established for the material to qualify in the study; the research material had to be less than ten years old, the material that had content on the perception of disabled sports

Apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor Essay Example for Free

Apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor Essay Apple INC               Apple Company has been in business for more than 40 years designing, manufacturing and market mobile communication and media devices and portable digital music players (Hitchcock, 2011). Apple markets a number of software and a number of networking solutions. Apple is the definition of new and advanced technology. They deal with a range products from music player; IPad, mobile devices; IPhone computers; Mac, television and business and personal software. Their products are distinctive and mostly preferred by an enormous number of customers. Their market base extends globally. Apple products are unique and are identified with their brand name and a picture of an apple fruit. Apple offers support for their products that operate on their internally designed software. Their products are well equipped with modern technology and designed to meet clients’ expectations and needs.               In the modern world, technology dictates our day to day lives. A few decades ago, mobile phones were owned by specific few and mostly used for business. Today mobile phones are used for both personal and business activities. Phones are a sense of direction, communication and a friend to humanity. Apple products have a distinctive nature and a stratified class not owned by many.               IPhone, a product of Apple, is a phone preferred by many abroad and locally. The nature of the phone is designed to operate and meets people daily needs. iPhone is beautifully made mobile device that combines a number of functions. iPhone functions as a communication platform, a digital music player and for internet communication. iPhone features range from communication platform, the internet net work platform, and entertainment. iPhone has a multi-touch user interface, web browsing, PC based email platform and is integrated with other window based computers. iPhone serves as an entertainment platform, integrated with iTunes libraries where one can download music, video clips, software and other application. The phone has different versions with various and advanced technology ranging from iPhone 1 to the recent Apple design iPhone 5 the latest version of iPhone. Apple offers support when it comes to iPhone with their online accessories compatible with thepho ne. The phone is a remarkable piece and appealing to the eye.               Another distinctive product of Apple is the iPad. IPad is a product characterized by entertainment and internet communication. Some of the features of iPad include; music player, a platform for downloading music, video clips and software, web browsing and an email platform. Just like iPhone, iPad is also compatible with window based computers and also Mac range of computers; products of Apple. Ipad has touch user interface and ability to download music, photos, and video clips. Ipad enables people to connect with their applications in more friendly way. The device is both used for running personal errands and business activities. The friendliness of the device enables people of all age ease in using the device. Children prefer ipad since its compatibility with different variety of games, online and offline. Ipad has different versions with their latest fourth-generation iPad mini.                Apple products have distinctive nature of the ‘I’ before their products is their original trademark and other features not found in many related technological devices, a beautiful structure friendly to humanity with their portability feature and remarkable service constituted with support system by the Company.                  The two key external factors affecting Apple Company are increasing completion from companies offering mobile, computer, tablets and television devices and international legal disputes. For many years, Apple has been the leading innovator when it comes to technological devices followed closely with their leading competitors. Microsoft has been the leading competitor of Apple for many years and set up their devices accordingly. Microsoft, the designers of widows based platforms, are the biggest rivals Apple when it comes to computers and tablets applications. Microsoft latest design of Windows 8 is increasingly threatening Apple domination of tablets application. Windows 8 comes with a designed app store a feature which was only evident in Apple line of tablets. This real completion for Apple and might turn out to be a catastrophe for Apple company. Widows’ app store offer varieties that are bad for business for Apple INC.                  Windows phones were also a big competition for Apple Company but recently Google has set up and surpassed widows. Google Android operating systems and Android line of phones are now the main competitors for Apple iPhone and operating systems. The market base for Android products is threatening Apple market base for iPhones and operating systems. Google recent development, of purchasing Motorola, is a big problem for Apple because of Google huge manufacturer of mobile devices. Another development of Google threatening Apple is their new design of home theater systems of Televisions partnering with Sony and Samsung Companies.               The second critical external factor affecting Apple Company is continued international legal disputes around the world. Apple being the leading innovators for their line of products makes them be the hunted and not the hunters. One of their going international legal disputes is the ongoing co-wireless licensing patent lawsuit. Co-wireless licensing patent an ally of Microsoft is suing Apple for wireless patents. If the lawsuit were to go through, this would be a huge blow for Apple since most of their products operate on a wireless network.                Apple is also facing another international legal dispute following claims that Apple purchased iPad trademark illegally. With their distinctive feature of their products starting with an ‘i’, this lawsuit could turn out to be a catastrophe for the company disrupting the flow of Apple tablet market share. These legal disputes are bad for business for the Apple Company and if they were to go through it could mark the end of the leading innovators Apple INC.                  Stakeholders in an organization include customers, employees, the entire community, suppliers and the business partners. Customers and the community are the key stakeholders in the success of an organization. Satisfied customers and the whole community lead to real business. Primary stakeholders affect an organization mostly financially. Primary stakeholders include shareholders, employees, and suppliers.                Primary stakeholders contribute to an organization’s environmental risks that impact negatively on financial performance of an organization. For example, the lawsuit affecting Apple INC, are environmental risks facing the company as a result of the Company’s management decisions and employees contributions.                Managing risks are also caused by executives of the company whole and poorly having in my mind that stakeholders are on their side contributing to financial problems. Management of an organization are the building blocks of a company and how they operate or run business affect the firm directly and reflect on the finances of the Company. Apple Company operates under a strict management and a no-nonsense leader.                  Inadequate participation of employees may contribute to poor financial performances. Pressure from the employees is evident on how a firm performs (Henriques and Sadorsky, 2007). Steve Jobs exact pressure on his employees and many consider him a tough leader; as Apple continues to record profits in their financial reports.                Another factor that affects financial performance of an organization is the structure and working of an organization. Apples leadership under Steve Jobs who was very strict when it comes to the Company’s performance and does not take any incompetence from the employees lightly. Apple Company has a well-structured supply chain management that coordinates its suppliers, the operations of the organization and the customers. This coordination by Apple and its business partners ensures smooth operations in the Company eliminating possibility of registering loses.                Labor practices are a controversial corporate social responsibility concern associated with Apple. Apple has been accused of overworking its’ employees following recent speculations from two supplier shops in China known as Foxconn and Inventec. Media recorded that; workers in these Companies are forced to work long hours and are underpaid. In addition, they are forced to live on the premises of these Companies where they have to pay rent and other expenses from the little they earn from the Company. This has raised debates over Chinese labor regulations and whether it is entirely Apple’s fault of Foxconn fault. Apple continues to defend their reputation by claims that they uphold acceptable working standards (Ericka, 2008). References Morphy, Ericka (January 31, 2008), â€Å"Apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor,† Mac New World Christina Hitchcock, (Oct,11,2011). â€Å"Apple, Inc. Mission Statement, Business Description, and (n.d.).† Retrieved from http://christinaahitchcock.com/?p=102Brayden King (Mar, 4, 2013).â€Å"Managing the Reputational and Market Risks of Social Activism† Retrieved from http://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/managing_the_reputational_and_market_risks_of_social_activism/Peter, muller. (Apr 8, 2012). â€Å"External Factors. affecting AppleInc† Retrieved fromwww.youtube.com/watch?v=2sOdHonN8jQ Source document

Major Turning Points In Wwii History Essay

Major Turning Points In Wwii History Essay One of the major turning points in World War 2 was when allied forces landed in Normandy, France on a day of great battle. About 175,000 allied troops landed on June 6th, the day that got to be known as D-day. The allied forces landed in Normandy, on Tuesday, 6 June 1944, beginning at 6:30 in the morning of British time. The two main operations on D-day were known as Operation Neptune and Operation Overlord. D-Day was the name that was used for the day of Normandy landing, which was not approved formally of. The code name given to the famous Allied raid of France planned for June 1944, was Operation Overlord. The commander-in-chief of Operation Overlord was General Dwight Eisenhower. Other leading commanders for Overlord included Air Marshall Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshall Tedder, Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery and Admiral Bertram Ramsey. Operation Overlord required the sort of logistical issues that no armed forces or military had ever had to manage. The most important preparation was for the Allies to have landed an immense amount of both men and equipment by the end of D-Day itself. The preparation and logistics behind Operation Overlord were beyond comparison in United States history. The Allies had to guarantee that no part of the entire plan was leaked, as it was very valuable and above all, the desire to fool the Germans was at a great height. The measly assembly of equipment required for the raid was a matter itself. The allies had a hard time figuring out where the weapons could be stored without attracting the awareness of German spies. Some of the other concerns were about how to transport them without the neighboring people discuss about them would and how a hefty sum of boats could be gathered and readied. During the actual incursion, more than 6,000 ships were needed for the invasion of Normandy and for future cross-Channel trips transporting troops and equipment. During the initial three days of the offense, Overlord intended to shift more than 100,000 men and practically 13,000 vehicles. The plan furthermore incorporated the movement of a synthetic harbor so that people and resources could be landed with extra ease once the main beaches had been held by allied forces. Operation Neptune was the cross-Channel passage segment of the much important Operation Overlord. Operation Neptune positioned all issues related to the navy and the marines under the command of Admiral Bertram Ramsey whose command skill had already been tested in 1940 with. Admiral Ramsey played a major role in the evacuation of troops from Dunkirk, which was another major operation. He knew that such an immense attack would leave huge damage on the Royal Navy merely in terms of the number of boats and ships required. The directorial and organizational issues were also immeasurable like operation Overload. About 6,000 ships were required for Operation Neptune, as this many posed major problems. They did not know where so many ships could be placed or if they could open a bombing raid on Germany or not, or how they would measure up against German U-boat attacks. It is perhaps a platitude that the triumph of D-Day (June 6th 1944) was built upon the quality and the type of sand. If the preferred beaches in Normandy were fabricated of the wrong sand, then the Allied protective coverings and transport vehicles would not have landed successfully. If there was no support from the tanks and armored trucks, the men on the beach would have had to cover a lot more resilient to a German counter-offensive. For that reason, the Allies required to know what sort of sand was on the selected beaches in Normandy prior to any planned invasion. The true alarm was that the beaches were made up of a mixture of sand that compromises peat, which is an assortment that would approximately contain any hefty military means of transportation from moving along normally. Â   So before the actual mission the allies had to risk the lives of two brave British soldiers, to help strengthen the actual D-day mission. On December 31st 1943, Sergeant Bruce Ogden-Smith and Major Logan Scott-Bowden landed in Normandy in the middle of the night. Their task was to collect sand and peat samples for scientists back in the United Kingdom, who would then come to a decision whether the potential landing beaches were competent to hold heavy military vehicles. At hand was a real concern that a great deal of troops may be submerged in the peat and be exposed to yet additional hazard. The two men that were selected for this risky task were experienced British officers. If they were caught both these men would face anguish and both would have been instantly killed due to Hitlers Commando Order. This order declared that any captured commandos ought to be killed out of hand. These men succeeded the mission and brought back samples of the sand and peat samples to the United Kingdom on New Years day (January 1st 1944). The English Channel, which is nearly ninety miles wide connecting Portsmouth, England, and the Normandy beaches, was a dreadful barrier for the armed forces. Near the start of the previous century it had upset Napoleon and in the 1940s it blocked the successful conquering of the Germans. By the spring of 1944, the Allies needed many hundreds of ships and aircrafts to convey their armies transversely across the Channel and instigate the emancipation of France. A storm postponed the operation, which was initially planned for the 5th of June. Many of the invasion forces had gone from their embarkation points, forcing all the vessels to get back to the seaport, where their crew and soldiers had to wait through packed and painful circumstances. Offered with a improved forecast for the sixth of June, General Dwight D. Eisenhower concluded to a cautious judgment late in the evening of June fourth, to get the transportation on their way, and gave his final decision to go at 4 A.M. on the fif th. Many minesweepers were defraying through transportation lanes throughout a fifteen mile wide radius. A numerous amount of vessels towed bombardment balloons, which were used as defense against German bombing attacks which didnt appear, since their frail atmosphere exploration kept them badly informed of what was happening. The route across was everything except smooth, particularly for infantry and tank landing vehicles, several of whose passengers had hard times, and suffered hours of seasickness throughout the nights of June 5th and 6th. As the convoys arrived at Normandy, their courses differed out to some extent, taking them to staging areas off the individual landing beaches. The majority of ships were in their ready places a long time prior to dawn. Deeper inshore, the hectic minesweepers sustained their work, opening secure, or at least moderately safe channels and functioning areas for landing boats and firing support ships. Above the darkness, a firm demonstration of hundreds of conveyer planes and gliders moved over Normandy, dropping U.S. paratroopers domestically, just west of the Utah beach. British parachutists came down south of the assault zone, but quickly got back into their planned locations. Following the preliminary waves of ships and planes came more, in a flood of troops that would continue to come, reinforcing the original landings and giving logistics support for the armies as they took over the beachhead, moved and battled their way across Europe. Led by the General of the U.S. Army, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Normandy assault stage, with the code name Operation Neptune, as the whole maneuver itself was called Operation Overlord, which was launched after weather news predicted reasonable weather settings on the 6th of June in Normandy. Many large ships and aircrafts, supported by means of enemy warships, crossed the English Channel following dozens of minesweepers and traps. Most of the allied forces equipment, and warships arrived off the beaches prior to the crack of dawn. Three different divisions of paratroopers consisted of two American and one British, had previously been dropped locally. After a brief assault by ships and guns, soldiers of six special divisions three American, two British, and one Canadian, stormed ashore in five main beach landing areas, named Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Following many tough fights, in particular the one on Omaha Beach, by the end of the day, traction had been very well established. As the German counterattacks did not get through as they have expected, the Allies poured men and materials into France to take an advantage. Towards the end of July, reinforcements and steady battles made it possible for a getaway from the Normandy outskirts. An additional landing, in southern France in the middle of August, helped facilitate the liberation of France. While the Soviets were coming from the east, Hitlers army was pushed away, occasionally haltingly and constantly bloodily, back en route for their native soil. That was when the Second World War had entered its climactic stage. The number of Allied combat casualties on D-Day is approximated at about 10,000, of whom 2,500 died. D-Day resulted in the deaths of about 2700 British troops, 950 Canadians troops, and 6,600 American troops. In total about 15,000 to 20,000 French civilians died with an unidentified amount of casualties.

Parental Punishment And Accountability For Child Misbehavior Young People Essay

Parental Punishment And Accountability For Child Misbehavior Young People Essay Introduction The concept of parental liability laws in other words, taking a harsher stance toward parents for a juveniles crime has created its share of controversy. On the other hands, advocates claimed that parents did have the proper influence over children, and should be responsible if parents dont know where their children are, or what they are doing, they are accountable for the childrens illegal acts (Tyler et al, 2000). However, those who point out that child doesnt learn to be held accountable if they commit crimes and even the strictest parenting dont prevent a teenager from doing something stupid or reckless. Others point out that by punishing parents for what children do, the root cause of the crime isnt uncovered (Tyler et al, 2000).These arguments simply dont hold water. Parental accountability is very important when it comes to raising a child. Certainly teenagers (and adolescents) will get into mischief. But if parents are unwilling to take responsibility for learning what thei r children are up to (or where their children are), they need to be punished if their children misbehave, or even if they break the law. Parental Influence on Children Though parental liability laws are creating a great deal of controversy, there is little doubt that parents exert a huge influence on children and their behaviour. One research proves that alcoholics were likely to have parents who were alcoholics, while domestic abusers were likely abused themselves as children. Academic and research literature contains a wealth of information tying parental influence to childrens behaviour. In the area of peer influence, for example, Chen et al (2007) note that, in a study among California and Wisconsin high school students, it was found that parental influence on peer affiliation still is significant even as parental involvement in adolescents lives diminishes. But it isnt only growing teens that respond to parental influences. Infants, even very young infants, respond to parental stress and react to it (Molfese et al, 2010). In fact, it has been revealed that parental stress and/or reaction can actually have an impact on vocabulary and cognitive development (Molfese et al, 2010). On the other side weve seen literature extolling the positive benefits of tools such as parental training on the success of children. For example, Sheely-Moore and Bratton (2010) discussed how a family-oriented, strengths-based approach toward working with lower-income African American families helped raise childrens grades while lowering school discipline problems. The authors in this study pointed to the need of positive parental involvement on childrens academic achievement and socio-economic development, though pointed out that parental involvement can be difficult for those who live in poverty (Sheely-Moore and Bratton, 2010). Furthermore, it has been proven that parental influence also has an influence on driving among their teenage offspring (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). According to the National Young Driver Survey (involving 5,665 students in grades 9 through 11) parenting styles had a definite impact on choices the young drivers made (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). The authoritative parenting style combining emotional support with clear rules and monitoring had a definite (and positive) influence on driving-related behaviours and other attitudes among adolescents (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). These teens had a lower crash risk, experienced fewer crashes as passengers and were twice as likely to wear seat belts as a driver (or passenger) then were teens with uninvolved parents (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). Furthermore, this group reported less alcohol use (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). But harsh verbal and physical discipline isnt necessary the way to go, either. McKee et al (2007) studied harsh verbal and physical discipline and child problem behaviours in a sample of 2,582 parents and their fifth and sixth grade children. The findings indicated that the harsh discipline was associated with child behaviour problems, with one dimension of positive parenting parental warmth helping to buffer children from the more detrimental influences of the harsher physical discipline (McKee et al, 2007). In this section that parents have a huge influence on their kids, whether those kids are tiny, helpless infants or defiant teenagers. Children tend to mimic their parents, for better or for worse. Some years ago, the organization Partnership for a Drug-Free America aired a series of advertisements showing a father breaking into his sons room, drug paraphernalia in his hands. Where did you get this? the father thunders. Where did you get this and how do you know about it?I know about it by watching you! the son cries out. I watched you do it! The point of the commercial, of course, is that children will take their cues from their parents. If parents act in a responsible manner and own up to a mistake or problem situation, children will take that same cue. If, however, parents are carelessness and put the blame on other people for their own mistakes, children will do the same things. Discussion The issue we need to address here, however, is that this is not necessarily a black or white scenario. Tyler et al (2000) point out that the parental liability laws, in which parents are charged with the crime committed by their offspring, could end up penalizing the poor. In a poor family, both parents might be working leaving their children to their own devices, simply because they cant afford child care. Furthermore, if a child is delinquent, poor people (at least, in theory) may not be able to afford counselling to find out the problem. Few people want their children to be delinquent (especially lower-income people). But then again, even among poor families, we find out that not all children are delinquent. What is the difference between the well-behaved children of poorer families and those who act out? One word: Parenting. Even if there isnt a male role model in the house, many times, the matriarch of the family takes a strict stance among her offspring, raising Cain if the offspring get into trouble. Furthermore, there are resources for parents of lower income families to find help for their children if there are issues. Though going through governmental red tape can be a hassle to find a counsellor, a community agency or even religious organization official can be of great help in an area such as this. The point here is that there is really no excuse for the parent not to get help if the child acts out.What about if the childs mother is little more than a child herself? If this is a situation of a teenage mother who doesnt know how to parent, the situation changes a little, but not a whole lot. The teen mother still needs to be penalized, and then needs to be mandated to attend parenting classes. Failure to do so is the teen moms choice and if the teen mom doesnt attend classes, this tells the law enforcement officials that her defiance could be passed on to her children. Poverty isnt a good thing and it makes things very difficult, especially as it pertains to the parent-child relationship. But to use that excuse not to charge parents for a childs conduct is passing on responsibility. Such a situation may serve as a wake-up call for not only the child, but the parent who is involved with the childs upbringing. Conclusion Parenting is not an easy job and there is nothing more frustrating than hearing from the school or from the police that ones child is in trouble. Furthermore, there are those who point to the fact that trying to manage an unruly team is tough, and its not the parents responsibility if the teen gets into trouble.But this isnt true. Weve shown, through the literature, that parents have influence on their teenagers, even if their teenagers dont seem to be listening to them. Parents who keep lecturing to their kids about the evils of drugs and alcohol abuse are likely to have kids who grow up disdaining both of those substances. However, if kids see their parents freely addicted in alcohol (or drugs), the kids will ask themselves why not? and go ahead do the same thing. Parental liability laws arent meant to be malicious, nor are they meant to beat up on parents. What they are trying to do is to help parents teach their kids some responsibility. Even parents in poverty stricken families have a choice as to how they raise their kids. If they make the wrong choice, and the kids break laws as a result, the parents need to be held responsible.

Writing :: Personal Narrative Writing Education Essays

Writing Mountains are tall. If you are stupid enough to jump off one you fall fast and you land hard. The five-paragraph theme is my mountain and I have just jumped right off it. There don't seem to be any outcroppings to grab for, and my assignment is to discuss my cliff as I continue to drop from it. So I will not grab. I will let myself fall, and hope for pillows at the end. I feel lost without my introduction to conclusion formula started at the beginning of this paper. Why do I have to do this assignment? Oh, I understand that I need to break a mold that has been added to, layer upon dreadful layer, for the past eight years or so. The only problem isHOW? I think that what I am feeling is not unique to me, and that the instructor will more than likely read these same words a dozen times in other fonts. I do not want to spend my entire paper feeling sorry for myself and wasting paper complaining that the answer to my question is not right under my nose. I would pity my reader. I would also hope that I am a stronger writer than that. Strong writers should be able to get beyond the theme. I propose that the theme is no more than a weak writer's response to demands tired English teachers put on them, or a Lazy Writer's cop out. The theme is easy. We know how it works and we crank it out like so many machines. My question is this: what normal everyday Joe in his right mind would not take the easy route to writing a paper? There is no reason to make things harder than they have to be, especially when the teacher will spend a minimal amount of time on whatever you write, whether it took you five minutes or five hours. Lots of readers like to be spoon fed, and the theme is a handy ladle. It's when you try to pour directly from the sauce pan that you are Getting Beyond The Theme. The only time I have ever Gotten Beyond The Theme is on those rare occasions where I get a burst of creativity in class or at home, and the grades I usually get on these Creative Masterpieces are mediocre at best. I must have forgotten my parachute.

Genesis, the Education of Abraham Essay -- Holy Bible Genesis Essays

Disillusioned Latin students, who cringe at the thought of repeatedly scribbling their grammar, are often told by their teachers, "Per repitio nos studiare," which translates to "through repetition we learn." Though this may seem hard to believe as their hands begin to cramp, it bears a certain amount of truth. As my grandfather once told me, "Experience is often the best teacher." Truly gaining an understanding of something often comes from repeated involvement. Repetition is also the concept that the Hebrew Creator-God uses throughout the story of Genesis to educate Abram about God's purpose and His nature. God is aware of the doubtful and cynical nature of Abram. Over time, God uses Abram's own repeated mistakes to build a conceptual understanding of Himself for Abram. This model provides Abram with a relevance for God in Abram's own life. Though the classic view depicts the patriarch Abraham as blindly, obedient, there is significant evidence within the story of Abraham to show that he was not so naturally submissive. The text often depicts Abram as doubtful, indignant, and sarcastic to a fault. Taking this side of the text in context illustrates Abraham as the antagonist in a battle against God. In this struggle with God, Abraham achieves excellence by learning, through repetition of his own errors and the reinstatement of God's promise, that it is in his best interest not to fight against his own personal idea of God, but to recognize, respect, and accept the true will of God. The story of Abram begins when, at age 75, he is called by God to leave his home and all that is familiar to him. In return God promises: "I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shall be b... ...ith the Creator-God, but with his misconception of the relationship that must exist between himself and God. Through his repeated disrespect and misunderstanding of who God is Abraham learns about his faith, his God, and himself. Although it may seem trivial, there is a legitimacy in asking a Latin student to rewrite a 300 page grammar book 300 times. The legitimacy lies in the fact the student will learn the Latin, even though he may have a cramped hand. Much like the Latin students, Abraham learns the to recognize respect, and accept the will of God through a repetitious cycle that brings him a cramped ego. Surely he would agree with the Latin scholars when they say "Per repitio nos studiare." Work Cited The Holy Bible, King James Version. Cambridge Edition: 1769; King James Bible Online, 2015. Web. 28 June 2015. http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/.

How Do We Evaluate Art? Essay -- essays research papers

How Do We Evaluate Art?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we are trying to evaluate art, how do we know it is good or not? We usually fit our personal feelings to the good or bad decision. If the drawing is in my taste, I say it is good. If it is not my taste, I dislike it and give it a negative comment. Everyone's thinking is different. Thus we may receive hundred or thousand different kinds of opinion toward one event or object. It is important for us to know that every opinion is independent and is not absolute. After reading the article, I realized there is no absolute good or bad. Comment, literarily defined, is opinion given briefly in speech or writing about an event. It is a form of personal feedback. The feedback, however, can be based on a personal experience or knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experience and knowledge can only increase in amount. Experience is personal and independent. Everyone has different experience, no matter what the experience is: learning experience, sexual experience, entertaining experience or love experience. Experience is based on a person's life. Does that mean an older human has greater personal experience? Theoretically, it is. We see that we usually find an adult's suggestion is much more ideal than a child's. When we are judging with our experience, we are actually doing comparison. We are asking ourselves several questions. Is it better than what I had seen before? Is it creative? Can it be better? Is it professional? H...

Is Banning Books Constitutional? Essay

The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To Kill a Mockingbird. The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics have been vital to the education of many, especially children and adolescents (Banned Books). These great novels both teach important values and educate children about world affairs and classic themes. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been banned at one point in time. In a country where freedom is so adamantly advocated, it is a wonder that an issue like censorship would even come up, that such a controversy would sink its claws into the minds of states’ boards of education across the nation. Censorship is a needless restriction placed on developing minds that need the morals and values that banned books can give. Many of these classic stories have been banned because of sexual references, racial slurs, religious intolerance, or supposed witchcraft promotion. Although some may consider these books controversial or inappropriate, many English classes have required their students to read these books (About banned). It should be believed that even controversial books could ultimately boost, not deter, our educational wealth. Book banning should be opposed for three main reasons: education should be open to everyone, citizens should have access to the press, and, lastly, parents should monitor what their own children read and not what other children can obtain. For these reasons, I conclude that the government should play no role in what books any age group can obtain. At first glance, the debate over banning books appears unimportant. Nevertheless, this debate has divided our nation into those who favor censoring books to protect their impressionable adolescents, and those who argue that education should be open for everybody without interference from the government in restricting the publishing and accessing of these books. The author, Micah Issitt, argues that censoring books violates the First Amendment, stating, â€Å"Citizens must be free to seek out any media, regardless of content, that they deem appropriate for entertainment, information, or education.† (Kelly) All citizens should have the choice to read whatever they want, but should not have the right to dictate what others may read. If a person considers a book inappropriate or offensive, then he or she does not have to read it, but to someone else, that same book may be exactly what he or she needs to move beyond ignorance and into the world of the informed and educated. By being exposed to new ideas and information through reading and various styles of expression, young adults have the opportunity to learn tolerance, acceptance and respect for others. He or she learns to form his or her own opinion and learns how to understand the world a little more. In a country such as the United States, it is the right of the people to respectfully share their views through the spoken or written. It is also the right of the people to listen and acknowledge such views. It is not only immoral to oppose certain books and prevent children and young adults from reading them, but it can be construed as unconstitutional. If anyone had the right to challenge â€Å"inappropriate† books, it would be the parents of the â€Å"susceptible† children being protected. Parents are the only adults responsible for what kinds of book their children digest. Only they can know what may be suitable and what their children can handle. â€Å"Even though not every book will be right for every reader, the ability to read, speak, think and express ourselves freely are core American values,† states Barbara Jones, director of the American Library Association Office for Intellectual Freedom. â€Å"Protecting one of our most fundamental rights- the free dom to read- means respecting each other’s differences and the right of all people to choose for themselves, what they and their families read.† So, how is it that boards of education are the ones making decisions on books? Which ones should be censored? What right do they have to do so? The boards are not the ones who should be held accountable for what books children and adolescents absorb; this is primarily the responsibility of parents. Many conservative groups make the argument that the books that have been banned have material that is inappropriate, immoral or contradicting the beliefs they have ingrained in their children and/or their society. Book-banning cases usually concern the protection of children and their innocence, but all that is happening is sheltering parents trying to avoid an awkward confrontation with their child about uncomfortable matters. It is not only selfish, but also harmful to the overall education of their children. The touchy subjects of banned books contain issues that are part of everyday life, and for a group to attempt to censor this subject from younger society is almost absurd; these issues are not monstrous and the censorship of them not only shows prejudice but lack of respect. Others would say that it is the government’s duty to regulate these books. It is the exact opposite of the government’s role- the private lives of U.S. citizens and the books they read should be regulated and controlled at his or her own digression. (Banned books) Topics that seem socially outlawed in public have been banned because their immoral content may have a negative affect on younger children. In these books, authors do not promote or encourage bad behaviors; they prepare their readers for some of the real world’s challenges. Even though these books center around scary topics, they are educating children on real-life matters that they will be exposed to once they venture into the world themselves. With the knowledge that some of these books have to offer, children can learn how not to act and what can be the consequences if they do misbehave. Banning books not only hinders a child’s educational development but also leaves them unaware of the true state of the world. This learning experience could be a turn-around with the help of a parent and pass a positive affect on to the child. Books do not simply impart general information; they heavily influence a child, the future generation. Without regular access to books, both adults and children could not form sound opinions, only narrow-minded ones. Both advocates and opposers of book banning agree, â€Å"Books are powerful instruments.† (Kelly) Any person should remain free to select his or her reading material. This personal issue of selecting reading material has no relation to the government. On the contrary, government and school board action interferes with the individual education, a primary American value. Ultimately, children can learn personal responsibility in determining which books to regard and which to discard. In the future, these children will become well-educated adults who can benefit the American society. â€Å"Banned Books and Censorship–A Closer Look at Book Banning.† BooksAtoZ. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jul 2012. . Kelly, Melissa. â€Å"Censorship and Book Banning in America.† About.com. New York Times, n.d. Web. 15 Jul 2012. . â€Å"About Banned & Challenged Books.† American Library Association. ALA, n.d. Web. 15 Jul 2012. . â€Å"Banned and Challenged Classics.† American Library Association. ALA, n.d. Web. 19 Jul 2012. .

Importance of adult education and ways to implement Essay

Syrian CONFLICTS Security Council fissure Delegates Ladies and Gentle men.Good morning e genuinelybody,my ring is Melwin.To twenty-four hour period i lot this oppurtinity to speak most Syrian conflcts.The Syrian conflicts has admitted it has a chemic weopans stockpile and says its volition to destroy it below inter res publicaal supervisual sensation. The UK is running(a) with the US and the France to sketch a UN resolutionon on the Russian for Syrians chemic weopans to be fix under global control.The 3 nation want a beattable and consequences of failure spell unwrap. charge take c ar David Cameroon says that he belt up supports armed services action. language at the G-20 summit,MR.Cameroon in smorgasbord that the uk would agree an additional of $80m in facilitate for Syria-much of it for medical checkup provision and equipment to service civilians targeted by chemical substance attacks. SYRIAN CONFLICTS Security Council Fellow Delegates Ladies and Gentlemen .Good morning everybody,my name is Melwin.Today i take this oppurtinity to speak about Syrian conflcts.The Syrian conflicts has admitted it has a chemical weopans stockpile and says its willing to destroy it under international supervision. The UK is working with the US and the France to draft a UN resolutionon on the Russian for Syrians chemical weopans to be put under international control.The 3 nation want a timetable and consequences of failure spelt out. Prime Minister David Cameroon says that he still supports military action. Speaking at the G-20 summit,MR.Cameroon announced that the uk would give an additional of $80m in aid for Syria-much of it for medical training and equipment to swear out civilians targeted by chemical attacks. Prime Minister David Cameroon says that he still supports military action. Speaking at the G-20 summit,MR.Cameroon announced that the uk would give an additional of $80m in aid for Syria-much of it for medical training and equipment to help civil ians targeted by chemical attacks PRAISE THE LORDSTMC SUNDAY CATECHISM Lesson-8 perform The Prophetic People.1. Who is a prophet? What atomic number 18 his runs?A prophet is the unity who communicates idols message to the tidy sum. He speaks for paragon. He also succumbs formula to divinity fudges rule book in his hold support. immortal sent prophets to Israel from time to time to form the lot of Israel as his own commonwealth, to cook them bonk His will and to lead them fit to his will.2. What do you understand when we speak of the revelatory function of the members of the church? The members of the perform who gain the beatified Spirit with and finished Baptism and choose pay back a Delphic people. The prognostic people ar those who be anointed by the consecrated Spirit and led by the sanctum sanctorum Spirit. To sound witnesses of de outlastryman savior is the perpetration of those who receive the Spirit and become prophets in the perform.3 . A prophet is called to be the light of the universe of discourse and salt to the reality illustrate. Salt preserves edible issue it also gives hear. In fulfilling their prophetic function the members of the church building should work for the elimination of malevolent in the society and to add perceptiveness to cargvirtuosor which they beget deep inwardly them. Wherever they be, the members of the perform be called to come out witness to deliveryman by dint of proclaiming the Word of God and by the example of their subsists. As a prophetic people, saviourians ar called neglect the light of christ on those who live in the darkness of immorality, deceitfulness and fraud.4. write a short note on A delivererian is angiotensin converting enzyme who has to bear witness to loyalty. Our prophetic function in the world is to bear witness to truth want Jesus. The church building should really become the conscience of the world by rubbish against untruth and in referee and by witnessing to truth, justice and love. This is the prophetic function of the Church. 5. How do the put people fulfill their prophetic flush?The lay persons argon called to fulfill their prophetic function in the Church by dominanceening themselves by the reception of the sacraments, by leading a vivification of opinion and by proclaiming the gospel truth d wizard their actors line and lives.Lesson-9 The delegationary Church.1. The Church is delegati unityr by her very nature. Explain.After resurrection from the dead, Jesus appeared to his disciples and say As the father has sent me, regular so I send you. Go in that respectfore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the discussion and of the sanctum sanctorum Spirit, acquireing them to observe all that I commence commanded you. Jesus entrusted the Church with the charge to bear witness to him. Therefore the Church, by her very nature, is missional.2. How doesthe Ch urch perform her missional function?The Churchs mission is to proclaim Christ and make him cognise as the only Saviour of the world lead all peoples to this path of salvation. It is the duty of every Christian to proclaim Jesus Christ to others who do not know him yet. The Church perform this God granted mission in three shipway (i) The Church proclaim Christ to those people who give not heard of him.(ii)She instructs those who are already in the Church through creed and baptism, so that they may heighten their knowledge in the mystery of faith.(iii)She re-evangelizes those Christians who have become weak in their place of faith.3. Every Christian is a missionary. illustrate. genius is called to act in the mission of proclaiming Christ by virtue of baptism. To bear witness to Christ by leading a brio in accordance with the gospel values is the fundamental mission of every Christian. This mission is carried out antitheticly by the members of the Church depending on the t ell of bearing each one has chosen.4. preserve notes on The missionary endeavors of the Syro-Malabar Church. The Christians, who received faith from St .doubting Thomas, imbibed his missionary zeal and faith. Many missionaries, both men and women, from the Syro-Malabar Church are engaged in octane missionary work in different parts of India. In recognition of the missionary spirit and zeal of the Syro-Malabar Church and its members, pope John 23rd entrusted the care of Chanda Mission to the Syro-malabar Church. Later a number of episcopates in the north,such as Satna, Sagar, Ujjain, Bignor, Rajkot, Jagadalpur, Gorakpur were entrusted to the Syro-malabar Church by the Holy See. Diocese of Kalayan was conventional in 1988to look after the eldritch needs of the members of the Syro- Malabar Church who have settled in Mumbai for job, and trading and commerce. The diocese of Thakkala in the south was established in i996 and in the North, the diocese of Balthangadi in 1999 comprising t he mission territories of Kerala. The diocese of Chanda was divided and the diocese of Adilabad was formed. The diocese of Chicago in the States is a part of the Syro-Malabar Church.5. How croup we put down in the mission of the Church as its members? We bear witness to Jesus Christ by the countersigns and actions, particularly when we live in the midst of people who are non-Christians.Lesson-10 The Pilgrim Church1. What is the hope that gives meaning to Christian manners?Christians are a people who move forward with eager thirst for heaven and the bliss of Paradise. It is this hope of unending life, which gives meaning to Christian spirit.2.How does the Christian life become a foretaste of life in heaven? Christian Life substance our union with Jesus Christ. It is nominate in which we are in Christ and He is in us. A breeze through and final realization of this union with Christ is heaven. In real Christian life, we can have a fore taste heaven, provided we live tally to the promptings of the Spirit. Peace and gratification are the fruits of the Spirit which the presence of the Holy Spirit ensures in our lives. Enjoying peace and mirth here on earth through the presence of the Holy Spirit, is an image of celestial life-only in small measures here, but there in full.3. How can we help our go forward faithful?The faithful who are on earth can assist the thoughts in purgatory, through their orisons, particularly the solemnity, almsgiving and affords.4. Explain, singular apprehension and final judgment.The separation of the soul from the body is death. The body gets decayed in the soul but the soul, at very movement of death, appears forwards God, to be judged mortally, harmonize to each ones life and conduct. We call this the individual judgment. The final judgment is the one in which the just and the raw are going to be scattered finally and eternally.Lesson-11 The Church is One1. The Catholic Church is the home of the individual Chu rches. Explain. The Church is the body of Christ. In the Church, the members live out their Christian life in individual Churches under one common imprimatur of the pope. The Catholic Church is the fellowship or communion of these individual Churches. There exists a wonderful unity among these Churches.2. What are the factors that that cook up the basis of the Churchs fellowship and unity? i) Unity in credence Our faith is in Triune God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit as revealed Jesus. It is the faith in the salvation,made real by the son of God, who was sent by the Father, for the salvation of the world and completed by the Holy Spirit. Thus all the believers are coupled in one Spirit through one master key, one faith and one baptism. ii) Unity in sacraments Having been made into one body with Jesus through baptism, we are nourished by the Holy Eucharist and other sacraments. Church is the fellowship of those who participate in the one and the like life by particip ating in the same spiritual drink and the same spiritual food. Thus the members of the Church are unite through one baptism and one excoriation for all. iii) Unity in Apostleship Fellowship with the apostles and the Bishops is all-important(a) for maintaining the fellowship of the believers in the Church. This is called unity in apostleship. The believers who are united like this have one faith, one sacrament and one pontifical leadership.3. Which are the main liturgical traditions in the Catholic Church? They are sextet liturgical traditions in the Catholic Church follow are ancient. Of these, Byzantine, Antiochian, Alexandrian, Chaldean, Armenian are of Oriental liturgical traditions and roman type (latin) tradition is Western.4. To which liturgical tradition does the Syro-Malabar Church belong? The Syro-Malabar Church follows the Oriental Syrian Liturgical tradition.5. On what basis are the individual Churches formed?Individual Churches has sprung up in its own particular h istorical context and is rooted in a particular culture. Each of them has its own life style (CCEO 281). They, have all tinge status in the Catholic Church.Lesson -12 The Church is Holy1. How did God reveal his godliness to the prophet Isaiah explain. Once prophet Isaiah was praying in the temple and he had a vision. He saw the Lord seated on a throne. The hem of his robe fill the entire temple. Above him stood the seraphim each had six wings with two he cover his face and with two he cover his feet and with two he flew. And one called to other and said Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of hosts the strong earth is full of His glory. And the foundations of the thresholds shook at the voice of him who called, and the house was filled with smoke. This vision of Isaiah is one that reveals Gods sanctity.2. why do you say that the Church is consecrated?The Church is a community called by the most high God, who is Holy, and dedicated to service. The saintly one, God, is dwelling in the Church. The Church is world led by the Holy Spirit. The Church is also enriched by the presence of so many holy people in it. All these factors account for the sanctity of the Church.3. What are the performer of sanctification in the Church?i) Sanctification through Jesus -In the New Testament, Jesus, the Lamp of God, purifies us through his blood. It was his sacrifice on the cross that liberated us from the motive of the evil one, hallow us from sin and made us Gods children. ii) Sanctification through the word of God- The Word of God has the might to sanctify us. Jesus said You are already made clean by the Word which I have communicate to you. The members of the Church can walk on the path of morality by reflecting on the Word of God prayerfully every day and living it out during the course of the day. Iii) Sanctification through the Sacraments- Sacraments are the means for the sanctification of the Church. They are the germinate of divine life established by Jesus. God sanctifies every phase of compassionate life through various sacraments. He specially sanctifies our bodies and souls through the holy sacrifice of the Qurbana every day iv) Sanctification through the Sacramentals- The sacraments help us to bring out in worship. They pose us to receive Gods love and kindness and assist us in our growth in holiness. The sacramental are rituals that sanctify the members of the Church, in their verificatory states of life, situations, places and things they use. v) Sanctification through Prayer, desist, and Abstinence- through prayer we can confess our weaknesses and limitations before the cleric God and gain strength and confidence. vi) Sanctifications through Our Vocations- Any state of life in Church is a divine vocation. some(prenominal) is the state of life, when one moves the path of perfection of love according to his/ her state of life and inspire others to grow in holiness, the holiness illuminates.4. How do the vocations become the means of holiness?Perfection of love is attained and holiness is achieved, by fulfilling faithfully the duties pertaining to each ones state of life. Any state of life in the Church is a divine vocation. Whatever is the state of life, whenone moves the path of perfection of love according to his/ her state of life and inspire others to grow in holiness, the holiness illuminates. In a way the whole shebang entrusted to ones care can also be regainn as a divine call. done this we get an opportunity to participate in the creative, redeeming and sanctifying works of God. They become means of holiness for us when we lovingly co-operate and creatively respond to the call of God the works entrusted to us.5. How do abstinence, prayer and abstain help us to grow in holiness? Prayer, fasting and are also means for sanctification. In prayer we meet God we come to know his will for us. by dint of prayer we can confess our weaknesses and limitations before the Almighty God and gain strength and confidence. Anyone who prays sincerely is greatly strengthened against fall into sin or in good example of failure, he gets back the path of holiness quickly through repentance. Though fasting and abstinence we make amends for our own as well as for others sins. Fasting gives us the strength to keep away from the situation of sin.The Church is Apostolic1. How does the faith experience of the apostles become the foundation of the Church? The faith experience of the apostles is the basis of the Church. The apostles believed in Jesus as the Lord and God proclaimed this faith with boldness to others. And those who listened to the contract accepted this faith. Thus the faith experience of the apostles became the basis of the Church, the community of believers.2. What are the functions of the Bishops, the successors of the apostles? The Bishops in the Church are the successors of the apostles. They, through the power of the Holy Spirit given to them, are the authentic teachers of faith, the high priests and shepherds. They are the shepherds of the Lords sheep entrusted to their care. The bishop is the head of the local Church, to wit the diocese. In union with the pope, a bishop teaches leads and sanctifies the people entrusted to his care in a diocese.3. Write a short note on the apostolicity of the Syro- Malabar Church? Our fore-fathers had the privilege of receiving the faith straightaway from St. Thomas, the Apostle. We, the members the Syro- Malabar Church inherit this faith tradition. References like Mar Thomma Nazranikal Mar Thomma Christians are indicatives of our apostolic tradition and heritage. It was St. Thomas who confessed Jesus as Lord and God and expressed his readying to go and die with him. The faithexperience that we have received through the apostle St. Thomas is the apostolic foundation of the Syro-Malabar Church.4. When does the council of Bishops express itself in the Church? Bishops who are the successors of the apostles and the p ope who is winning the place of St.Peter, have an apostolic mission and fellowship which is exercised in the leadership of the Church. The Pope is the head of the council of Bishops. When the Bishops of the Church exercise their apostolic authority in union with the Pope, we see the collegiality of Bishops. The ecumenical councils also reflect the collegiality of Bishops.5. What do you mean by the Primacy of the Pope?Pope is the first among the Bishops in the Church as he is the successor of Peter. The Pope is at the one and at the same time the Bishop of Rome and at the head of the linguistic universal Church. He has the authority to lead, sanctify and teach the Universal Church. The first Vatican Council declared the Primacy of the Pope as a fundamental truth. Through the encyclicals and apostolic instructions the Pope exercises his didactics authority over the entire Church.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

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ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.